EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTABILITY FRAMEWORKS IN PAKISTAN: 1947 TO 2022
Abstract
This paper focuses on the evolution of laws and institutions related to public sector accountability in Pakistan since its independence. It critically outlines a chronological legal history of the regulatory and institutions anti-corruption frameworks since 1860. It overviews the development phases of the promulgation, amendments, and annulment of such laws and points to the intent of the legislature and lawmakers in defining the scope of and promulgating these laws. In this regard, it outlines several different laws and seven evolution categories of accountability institutions. The authors also touch upon the influence of political government changes on such laws, especially through to contemporary political situation of Pakistan. In the later sections, there is a discussion on the international (comparative) context of accountability mechanisms followed up by conclusion. This paper offers a comprehensive review of accountability history vis-à-vis its institutional mechanisms and bodies, and serves as a source document for policy makers, academic researchers, and students of accountability in the context of Pakistan.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Saqib Anjum Lughmani, Muhammad Tanweer Abdullah, Munawar Khan
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