Weaponizing Indus Waters: Humanitarian Fallout and Environmental Migration in Pakistan

Abstract

Pakistan faces growing challenges from climate change and water insecurity, both of which contribute to environmental migration and humanitarian crises. This study examines the relationship between climate warfare and environmental migration, focusing on the strategic significance of the Indus Basin and the implications of water-related tensions between Pakistan and India. Using a qualitative research design, the study draws upon secondary data, including policy documents, legal frameworks, statistical reports, and case studies of major climate-induced disasters in Pakistan. The analysis explores how climate-induced displacement, intensified by floods, droughts, and perceived water manipulation under the Indus Waters Treaty (1960), affects national security, socio-economic stability, and human welfare. The findings indicate that climate-related disasters have displaced millions of people, increased pressure on urban infrastructure, and heightened vulnerabilities among affected communities. The study further identifies legal and policy gaps in addressing environmental migration and highlights limitations within the Indus Waters Treaty in responding to contemporary climate challenges. It concludes that strengthening climate adaptation policies, enhancing transboundary water diplomacy, and developing legal protections for climate migrants are essential for reducing future humanitarian risks and improving regional stability.