INVESTIGATING THE DETERMINANTS OF FACULTY JOB SATISFACTION UNDER THE MODERATING ROLE OF LIFE SATISFACTION: A STUDY OF PRIVATE SECTOR UNIVERSITIES OF PAKISTAN

Authors

  • Urooj Zulfqar University Technology Malaysia
  • Harcharanjit Singh Azman Hasim Internation Business School, University Technology Malaysia.
  • Sheeraz Niazi University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus
  • Asfandyar Khan University Technology Malaysia
  • Mohib Ullah Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan

Keywords:

human resource management

Abstract

 

Current study investigates the determinants of faculty job satisfaction in private sector universities of Pakistan. Furthermore, this study inquires the moderating role of life satisfaction on faculty job satisfaction. Approximately 500 questionnaires were distributed among the faculty members of W category private sector universities, out of 500 questionnaires, 430 were received and 396 were found to be completely filled as per criteria. After applying the statistical tools of SPSS 23, it was confirmed that motivational and hygienic factors have significant and positive relationship with faculty job satisfaction. Moreover, the results proved that impact of life satisfaction did not moderate the relationship of faculty job satisfaction with motivational factors as well as hygienic factors. The results of the study can be generalized to other universities as well as other sectors of the Pakistan. The framework of the study can be applied to compare the faculty job satisfaction level of public and private sector universities.

Author Biographies

Urooj Zulfqar, University Technology Malaysia

Azman Hashim International Business School,

PhD Scholar  

Harcharanjit Singh, Azman Hasim Internation Business School, University Technology Malaysia.

Senior Lecturer,

Sheeraz Niazi, University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus

Senior Lecturer, Business School

Asfandyar Khan, University Technology Malaysia

Azman Hashim International Business School,

PhD Scholar  

Mohib Ullah, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan

Assitant Professor, Business School

References

Adelman, M. (1991). Stigma, gay lifestyles, and adjustment to aging: A study of later-life gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 20(3-4), 7-32.

Ahsan, N., Abdullah, Z., Fie, D. G., & Alam, S. S. (2009). A study of job stress on job satisfaction among university staff in Malaysia: Empirical study. European journal of social sciences, 8(1), 121-131.

Ajang, P. E. (2007). Assessing the role of work Motivation on Employee Performance. In: Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet.

Alasmari, H. A. M., & Douglas, C. (2012). Job satisfaction and intention to leave among critical care nurses in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Journal of Nursing, 6(4), 3-12.

Ali, A., Dahie, A. M., & Ali, A. A. (2016). Teacher motivation and school performance, the mediating effect of job satisfaction: Survey from Secondary schools in Mogadishu. International Journal of Education and Social Science, 3(1), 24-38.

Alsemeri, H. A. (2016). Factors affecting job satisfaction: An empirical study in the public sector of Saudi Arabia. Victoria University,

Arif, S., & Ilyas, M. (2013). Quality of work-life model for teachers of private universities in Pakistan. Quality Assurance in Education, 21(3), 282-298.

Armenti*, C. (2004). Women faculty seeking tenure and parenthood: Lessons from previous generations. Cambridge Journal of Education, 34(1), 65-83.

Ashraf, I., Ashraf, F., Saeed, I., Gulzar, H., Shah, K., Azhar, N., . . . Anam, W. (2015). Reasons for Low Performance of Teachers: A Study of Government Schools operating in Bahawalpur City, Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 4(2), 105-117.

Aziri, B. (2011). JOB SATISFACTION: A LITERATURE REVIEW. Management Research & Practice, 3(4).

Babnik, K., Trunk Å irca, N., & Breznik, K. (2012). The relationship between human resource development system and job satisfaction. Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju,

Bashir, S. (2011). Organizational cynicism development and testing of an integrated model a study of public sector employees in Pakistan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi.

Binder, E. F., Storandt, M., & Birge, S. J. (1999). The relation between psychometric test performance and physical performance in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 54(8), M428-M432.

Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Chan, K. (2006). Higher education and economic development in Africa (Vol. 102): World Bank Washington, DC.

Bozeman, B., & Bretschneider, S. (1994). The “publicness puzzle†in organization theory: A test of alternative explanations of differences between public and private organizations. Journal of public administration research and theory, 4(2), 197-224.

Bozeman, B., & Gaughan, M. (2011). Job satisfaction among university faculty: Individual, work, and institutional determinants. The Journal of Higher Education, 82(2), 154-186.

Brad Shuck, M., Rocco, T. S., & Albornoz, C. A. (2011). Exploring employee engagement from the employee perspective: Implications for HRD. Journal of European Industrial Training, 35(4), 300-325.

Bushra, F., Ahmad, U., & Naveed, A. (2011). Effect of transformational leadership on employees' job satisfaction and organizational commitment in banking sector of Lahore (Pakistan). International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(18).

Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361.

Cook, D. A., & Beckman, T. J. (2006). Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application. The American journal of medicine, 119(2), 166. e167-166. e116.

Cox, K. B. (2003). The effects of intrapersonal, intragroup, and intergroup conflict on team performance effectiveness and work satisfaction. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 27(2), 153-163.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches: Sage publications.

Darling-Hammond, L., & Baratz-Snowden, J. (2007). A good teacher in every classroom: Preparing the highly qualified teachers our children deserve. Educational Horizons, 85(2), 111-132.

Dartey-Baah, K., & Amoako, G. K. (2011). Application of Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor theory in assessing and understanding employee motivation at work: a Ghanaian Perspective. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(9), 1-8.

Dhanapal, S., Subramaniam, T., & Vashu, D. (2013). Factors affecting job satisfaction among academicians: A comparative study between gender and generations. International Journal of Management Excellence, 2(1), 128-139.

Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological science, 7(3), 181-185.

Donavan, D. T., Brown, T. J., & Mowen, J. C. (2004). Internal benefits of service-worker customer orientation: Job satisfaction, commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of marketing, 68(1), 128-146.

Downing, S. M. (2004). Reliability: on the reproducibility of assessment data. Medical education, 38(9), 1006-1012.

Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412.

Ellickson, M. C., & Logsdon, K. (2001). Determinants of job satisfaction of municipal government employees. State and Local Government Review, 33(3), 173-184.

Emami, M., & Nazari, K. (2012). Entrepreneurship, religion, and business ethics.

Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(5), 1058.

Fox, K. R. (1999). The influence of physical activity on mental well-being. Public health nutrition, 2(3a), 411-418.

Fredman, N., & Doughney, J. (2012). Academic dissatisfaction, managerial change and neo-liberalism. Higher Education, 64(1), 41-58.

Furnham, A., & Taylor, J. (2011). Bad apples: identify, prevent & manage negative behavior at work: Springer.

George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2007). Dual tuning in a supportive context: Joint contributions of positive mood, negative mood, and supervisory behaviors to employee creativity. Academy of management journal, 50(3), 605-622.

Good, C., Aronson, J., & Harder, J. A. (2008). Problems in the pipeline: Stereotype threat and women's achievement in high-level math courses. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 29(1), 17-28.

Gwavuya, F. (2011). Leadership influences on turnover intentions of academic staff in tertiary institutions in Zimbabwe. Academic Leadership: The Online Journal, 9(1), 36.

Hackman, J. R. (1980). Work redesign and motivation. Professional Psychology, 11(3), 445.

Halai, N. (2013). Quality of private universities in Pakistan: An analysis of higher education commission rankings 2012. International Journal of Educational Management, 27(7), 775-786.

Hart, P. M. (1999). Predicting employee life satisfaction: A coherent model of personality, work, and nonwork experiences, and domain satisfactions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 564.

Herrenkohl, R. C., Judson, G. T., & Heffner, J. A. (1999). Defining and measuring employee empowerment. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(3), 373-389.

Herzberg, F. (1968). One more time: How do you motivate employees. In: Harvard Business Review Boston, MA.

Herzberg, F. (2005). Motivation-hygiene theory. Organizational behavior one: Essential theories of motivation and leadership, eds JB Miner, ME Sharpe Inc, New York, 61-74.

Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (2011). The motivation to work (Vol. 1): Transaction publishers.

Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad? Organizational dynamics, 9(1), 42-63.

Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative science quarterly, 286-316.

Hunjra, A. I., Chani, D., Aslam, S., Azam, M., & Rehman, K. (2010). Factors effecting job satisfaction of employees in Pakistani banking sector.

Islam, R., & Zaki Hj. Ismail, A. (2008). Employee motivation: a Malaysian perspective. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 18(4), 344-362.

Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effortâ€reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 287-302.

Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., & Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of management journal, 55(6), 1264-1294.

Jones, G. R., & Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change.

Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 17.

Judge, T. A., & Watanabe, S. (1994). Individual differences in the nature of the relationship between job and life satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67(2), 101-107.

Kaya, N., Koc, E., & Topcu, D. (2010). An exploratory analysis of the influence of human resource management activities and organizational climate on job satisfaction in Turkish banks. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(11), 2031-2051.

Keengwe, J. (2007). Faculty integration of technology into instruction and students’ perceptions of computer technology to improve student learning. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6, 169-180.

Khalid, S., Irshad, M. Z., & Mahmood, B. (2012). Job satisfaction among academic staff: A comparative analysis between public and private sector universities of Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(1), 126.

Kombo, J. M. (2015). Factors for employees' job satisfaction In the public sector: A case study immigration department in zanzibar. Mzumbe University.,

Kompaso, S. M., & Sridevi, M. S. (2010). Employee engagement: The key to improving performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), 89.

Lam, T., Zhang, H., & Baum, T. (2001). An investigation of employees’ job satisfaction: the case of hotels in Hong Kong. Tourism management, 22(2), 157-165.

Leach, F., & Sitaram, S. (2002). Microfinance and women's empowerment: A lesson from India. Development in Practice, 12(5), 575-588.

Lester, R. (2005). Universities, innovation, and the competitiveness of local economies. A summary Report from the Local Innovation Systems Project: Phase I. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Industrial Performance Center, Working Paper Series.

Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 407.

Liu, D., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., Holtom, B. C., & Hinkin, T. R. (2012). When employees are out of step with coworkers: How job satisfaction trajectory and dispersion influence individual-and unit-level voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 55(6), 1360-1380.

Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational behavior and human performance, 4(4), 309-336.

Locke, E. A. (1970). Job satisfaction and job performance: A theoretical analysis. Organizational behavior and human performance, 5(5), 484-500.

Lum, L., Kervin, J., Clark, K., Reid, F., & Sirola, W. (1998). Explaining nursing turnover intent: job satisfaction, pay satisfaction, or organizational commitment? Journal of organizational Behavior, 305-320.

Magny, O. (2012). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence job satisfaction in police officers relative to Frederick Herzberg's motivation/hygiene theory. University of La Verne,

Malik, M. E., Nawab, S., Naeem, B., & Danish, R. Q. (2010). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment of university teachers in public sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(6), 17.

Manzoor, Q.-A. (2012). Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness. Business management and strategy, 3(1), 1.

McNeese-Smith, D. K. (1997). The influence of manager behavior on nurses' job satisfaction, productivity, and commitment. Journal of Nursing Administration, 27(9), 47-55.

McSweeney, B. (2002). Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith-a failure of analysis. Human relations, 55(1), 89-118.

Mehboob, F., Sarwar, M., & Bhutto, N. A. (2012). Factors affecting job satisfaction among faculty member. Asian Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 1(12), 1-9.

Mohammad Mosadegh Rad, A., & Hossein Yarmohammadian, M. (2006). A study of relationship between managers' leadership style and employees' job satisfaction. Leadership in Health Services, 19(2), 11-28.

Mosadeghrad, A. M., Ferlie, E., & Rosenberg, D. (2008). A study of the relationship between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention among hospital employees. Health services management research, 21(4), 211-227.

Moyle, W., Skinner, J., Rowe, G., & Gork, C. (2003). Views of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in Australian longâ€term care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12(2), 168-176.

Msuya, O. W. (2016). Exploring levels of job satisfaction among teachers in public secondary schools in Tanzania. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 8(2), 9-16.

Nazari, K., & Emami, M. (2012). The investigation of the relation between job stress and job satisfaction (case study in faculty members of recognized public and private universities in the province of kermanshah). Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(2), 219-230.

Nikbin, D., Ismail, I., Marimuthu, M., & Armesh, H. (2012). Perceived justice in service recovery and switching intention: Evidence from Malaysian mobile telecommunication industry. Management Research Review, 35(3/4), 309-325.

Noor, A. (2009). Examining organizational citizenship behavior as the outcome of organizational commitment: a study of universities teachers of Pakistan. Proceedings 2nd CBRC, Lahore, Pakistan.

Oshagbemi, T. (1999). Overall job satisfaction: how good are single versus multiple-item measures? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14(5), 388-403.

Parker, S. K., Axtell, C. M., & Turner, N. (2001). Designing a safer workplace: Importance of job autonomy, communication quality, and supportive supervisors. Journal of occupational health psychology, 6(3), 211.

Parvin, M. M., & Kabir, M. N. (2011). Factors affecting employee job satisfaction of pharmaceutical sector. Australian journal of business and management research, 1(9), 113.

Pasca, R., & Wagner, S. L. (2011). Occupational stress in the multicultural workplace. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 13(4), 697-705.

Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological assessment, 5(2), 164.

Proctor, C. R. (2014). Effective organizational communication affects employee attitude, happiness, and job satisfaction. Southern Utah University. Department of Communication. 2014.,

Rahman, K.-U., Akhter, W., & Khan, S. U. (2017). Factors affecting employee job satisfaction: A comparative study of conventional and Islamic insurance. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1), 1273082.

Ramlall, S. (2004). A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organizations. Journal of American Academy of Business, 5(1/2), 52-63.

Raschke, R. L., Krishen, A. S., Kachroo, P., & Maheshwari, P. (2013). A combinatorial optimization based sample identification method for group comparisons. Journal of Business Research, 66(9), 1267-1271.

Ratna, R., & Chawla, S. (2012). KEY FACTORS OF RETENTION AND RETENTION STRATEGIES IN TELECOM SECTOR. Global Management Review, 6(3).

Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. Handbook of child psychology.

Ruthankoon, R., & Olu Ogunlana, S. (2003). Testing Herzberg’s two-factor theory in the Thai construction industry. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 10(5), 333-341.

Rynes, S. L., Gerhart, B., & Minette, K. A. (2004). The importance of pay in employee motivation: Discrepancies between what people say and what they do. Human resource management, 43(4), 381-394.

Saba, I. (2011). Measuring the job satisfaction level of the academic staff in Bahawalpur colleges. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 1(1), 1-8.

Sabharwal, M., & Corley, E. A. (2009). Faculty job satisfaction across gender and discipline. The Social Science Journal, 46(3), 539-556.

Sahito, Z., & Vaisanen, P. (2017). Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction of Teacher Educators: Empirical Evidence from the Universities of Sindh Province of Pakistan. Journal of Teacher Education and Educators, 6(1), 5-30.

Saltzstein, A. L., Ting, Y., & Saltzstein, G. H. (2001). Workâ€family balance and job satisfaction: The impact of familyâ€friendly policies on attitudes of federal government employees. Public administration review, 61(4), 452-467.

Sandhya, K., & Kumar, D. P. (2011). Employee retention by motivation. Indian Journal of science and technology, 4(12), 1778-1782.

Schunk, D. H. (1995). Self-efficacy, motivation, and performance. Journal of applied sport psychology, 7(2), 112-137.

Sergiovanni, T. (1967). Factors which affect satisfaction and dissatisfaction of teachers. Journal of educational administration, 5(1), 66-82.

Sherony, K. M., & Green, S. G. (2002). Coworker exchange: relationships between coworkers, leader-member exchange, and work attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 542.

Siddique, A., Aslam, H. D., Khan, M., & Fatima, U. (2011). Impact of academic leadership on faculty's motivation, and organizational effectiveness in higher education system. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(8).

Smerek, R. E., & Peterson, M. (2007). Examining Herzberg’s theory: Improving job satisfaction among non-academic employees at a university. Research in Higher Education, 48(2), 229-250.

Staufenbiel, T., & König, C. J. (2010). A model for the effects of job insecurity on performance, turnover intention, and absenteeism. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(1), 101-117.

Stringer, L. (2006). The link between the quality of the supervisor–employee relationship and the level of the employee's job satisfaction. Public Organization Review, 6(2), 125-142.

Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(2), 482.

Syed, S. R. S., & Bhat, S. A. G. (2013). Job Satisfaction in University Employees: A Case Study of the University of Kashmir.

Tan, T. H., & Waheed, A. (2011). Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory and job satisfaction in the Malaysian retail sector: The mediating effect of love of money.

Tella, A., Ayeni, C., & Popoola, S. (2007). Work motivation, job satisfaction, and organisational commitment of library personnel in academic and research libraries in Oyo State, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 118.

Therkelsen, D. J., & Fiebich, C. L. (2004). The supervisor: The linchpin of employee relations. Journal of Communication Management, 8(2), 120-129.

Tietjen, M. A., & Myers, R. M. (1998). Motivation and job satisfaction. Management decision, 36(4), 226-231.

Umstot, D. D., Bell, C. H., & Mitchell, T. R. (1976). Effects of job enrichment and task goals on satisfaction and productivity: Implications for job design. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(4), 379.

Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1988). The organizational bases of ethical work climates. Administrative science quarterly, 101-125.

Wahba, M. A., & Bridwell, L. G. (1976). Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory. Organizational behavior and human performance, 15(2), 212-240.

Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction: Separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human resource management review, 12(2), 173-194.

Wolf, M. G. (1970). Nedd gratification theory: A theoretical reformulation of job satisfaction/dissatisfaction and job motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54(1p1), 87.

Wright, B. E. (2007). Public service and motivation: Does mission matter? Public administration review, 67(1), 54-64.

Wright, B. E., & Kim, S. (2004). Participation’s influence on job satisfaction: The importance of job characteristics. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 24(1), 18-40.

Xu, Y. J. (2008). Faculty turnover: Discipline-specific attention is warranted. Research in Higher Education, 49(1), 40-61.

Yang, H.-J. (2004). Factors affecting student burnout and academic achievement in multiple enrollment programs in Taiwan’s technical–vocational colleges. International Journal of Educational Development, 24(3), 283-301.

Yeh, Y. M. C., & Ta, Y. (2005). The implementation of knowledge management system in Taiwan’s higher education. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 2(9), 35-42.

Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of management journal, 53(1), 107-128.

Zhu, W., Chew, I. K., & Spangler, W. D. (2005). CEO transformational leadership and organizational outcomes: The mediating role of human–capital-enhancing human resource management. The leadership quarterly, 16(1), 39-52.

Downloads

Published

31.12.2020